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Vatican Conclave - The sacred tradition of choosing a new Pope

When a pope dies or steps down, the Catholic Church enters sede vacante—Latin for “the seat being vacant.” During this rare and sacred period, the world turns its attention to the Conclave: the centuries-old, secretive ritual held in the Sistine Chapel to elect a new pope. Steeped in symbolism and global significance, the Conclave remains one of the Vatican’s most solemn traditions.

What is the Conclave?

The word conclave comes from the Latin cum clave—“with a key”—referencing the practice of locking the cardinals in a secure space until a new pope is chosen. Today, that space is the Sistine Chapel.

Only cardinals under the age of 80 are eligible to vote. They gather in strict isolation, cut off from the outside world—no phones, no internet, no media. Even the staff attending to them are sworn to secrecy.

🕯 The ritual & the rules

Vatican City crowd attending mass in St. Peter's Square.

Secrecy is absolute: No communication is allowed with anyone outside the Chapel. The cardinals even take an oath of secrecy before the first ballot.
Votes are cast by paper ballot: Each cardinal writes the name of his choice and places it on a specially designed altar.
Four rounds of voting occur each day: Two in the morning and two in the afternoon.
A two-thirds majority is required to elect the new pope.

After each voting session, the ballots are burned:

Black smoke (fumata nera) indicates no decision has been reached.
White smoke (fumata bianca) signals the election of a new pope.

The moment the smoke turns white, the world watches as history unfolds. The process can last from a day to several weeks.

📅 Timeline & visitor impact

Phase

What happens

Impact for visitors

Pre-conclave setup

Sistine Chapel is prepared and sealed

Chapel closed to visitors a few days before conclave

Conclave begins

Cardinals vote in daily sessions

Sistine Chapel remains closed throughout

New pope elected

White smoke rises; bells ring across Vatican

Public gathers in St. Peter’s Square for announcement

Habemus Papam

New Pope steps onto the balcony of St. Peter’s Basilica

Once-in-a-lifetime moment for those present

Typically, the conclave lasts 2–4 days, but it can take longer depending on how quickly a consensus is reached. The Sistine Chapel may remain closed for a total of 4 to 6 weeks, including setup and post-election protocols.

Why it matters?

Though inaccessible during this time, the Sistine Chapel is at the heart of a moment that defines the future of the Catholic Church. The conclave connects modern governance with ancient ritual, and its outcome is watched by millions around the world.

If you're in Rome during the conclave, you won't get into the chapel—but you can witness history unfold in real time in St. Peter’s Square.

Book your Sistine Chapel experience

Key ceremonial events & what they mean

Event

What happens

Announcement of death

Vatican bells toll; a press release confirms the Pope’s passing.

Lying in state

The Pope’s body is placed in St. Peter’s Basilica for public viewing.

Novemdiales

Nine days of mourning with daily public Masses across Vatican and Rome.

Funeral Mass

Held in St. Peter’s Square, typically 4–6 days after the Pope’s death.

Conclave

Cardinals vote inside the Sistine Chapel to elect a new pope.

Habemus Papam

A new pope is introduced from the Basilica balcony after white smoke appears.

How to see the Conclave from outside the Chapel?

While the Sistine Chapel is closed to visitors during the Conclave, you can still be part of this historic moment—from the square outside. Here’s where to go, what to expect, and how to make the most of it.

📍 St. Peter’s Square – Waiting for white smoke

Why it matters: This is where the world learns a new pope has been chosen. When the cardinals reach a decision, white smoke rises from the Sistine Chapel chimney and bells ring throughout the Vatican.

When to arrive: If the Conclave is in progress, try to be in the square each day just before sunset—that’s when voting rounds typically conclude. Also, the Basilica may still host services or have limited access during this period. If it's open, aim for visits after 3pm.

What to bring: The exact time of the white smoke can vary, and the announcement may come hours later. Be prepared for a wait:

Water & snacks (there’s no seating)
Layers or an umbrella, depending on the weather
A portable charger for your phone or camera
A candle or small token of reflection, if you’d like

Tip: Follow Vatican News and Rome-based reporters on Twitter or Telegram. White smoke can happen at any time, and these channels often announce signs of movement.

How to behave

Respecting the solemnity of the Conclave and the sacred spaces of the Vatican is paramount.

Dress code

General guidelines: Both men and women should ensure their shoulders and knees are covered. Avoid sleeveless tops, shorts, miniskirts, and low-cut clothing.
Footwear: Comfortable walking shoes are recommended. Open-toed sandals and flip-flops are discouraged.
Headwear: Men should remove hats upon entering sacred areas. Women may wear hats, especially during outdoor events.

Tourists outside St. Peter's Basilica, Rome, Italy.

Behavioral etiquette

During ceremonies and announcements, keep conversations to a minimum and speak in hushed tones.
Refrain from using flash photography. In some areas or during specific events, photography may be prohibited altogether.
Set phones to silent mode. Avoid taking calls or using devices during ceremonies.
Follow instructions from security personnel and respect cordoned-off areas.

Best spots to watch the white smoke and the new Pope’s first appearance

St. Peter’s Square — Near the Central Obelisk

Why: This is the heart of the square and offers a direct, unobstructed view of both the Sistine Chapel chimney (where the smoke appears) and the central balcony of St. Peter’s Basilica (where the new pope is announced).
Tip: Arrive several hours early to secure a good position, as this spot fills quickly.

Tourists in St. Peter's Square with St. Peter's Basilica, Vatican City.

The steps and raised platforms around the Square

Why: Elevated positions along the steps and platforms provide better sightlines over the crowd and clearer views of the papal balcony.
Tip: If you can find a spot on the wide staircase leading to the basilica or near the colonnades, you’ll have a great vantage point.

Via della Conciliazione

Main avenue leading to the Vatican

Why: This broad avenue offers views of the square from a distance, allowing more space to move and easier exit routes.
Tip: Best for those who want to avoid the densest crowds but still witness the historic moment.

Aerial view of St. Peter's Basilica, Vatican City, Rome.

Rooftop terraces & nearby cafés

Private access or booked in advance

Why: Some hotels, restaurants, or private venues offer terraces overlooking St. Peter’s Square. These spots provide a comfortable, less crowded experience to see the announcement and smoke.
Tip: These options require advance booking and can be costly but offer a premium viewing experience.

Exploring the corners of St. Peter's Square

Other ways to participate in the Papal mourning

Vatican City St Peter's Basilica exterior with tourists in foreground.

St. Peter’s Basilica – See the Pope Lying in State

Best time to go: Arrive early, ideally between 7-8am, to avoid the longest queues.
Entry details: Admission is free, but expect rigorous security screenings. Prepare for possible wait times and bring valid photo ID.
Tip: Dress modestly and maintain respectful silence inside the basilica.

San Giovanni Laterano facade with intricate sculptures and columns in Rome, Italy.

Local Churches in Rome – Novemdiales

Alternative to Vatican crowds: Attend daily mourning Masses at Roman churches like Santa Maria in Trastevere, San Giovanni in Laterano, or Sant’Andrea della Valle.
Atmosphere: These services are often quieter and more intimate but still spiritually moving.
Tip: Check church websites or parish boards for Mass times. Arrive early—seating may be limited.

Check the complete guide to visiting Vatican during Papal transition

Frequently asked questions about the Vatican Conclave

Can visitors attend the Conclave inside the Sistine Chapel?

No. The Conclave is a closed-door event. Only eligible cardinals and a few essential staff are allowed inside. The Sistine Chapel is sealed and completely off-limits to the public during this time.

Can I still visit the Sistine Chapel during the Conclave?

No. The chapel typically closes a few days before the Conclave begins and remains closed until a new Pope is elected and the space is re-sanctified. Expect the closure to last around 4 to 6 weeks in total.

Where can I go to see the white smoke or Habemus Papam announcement?

St. Peter’s Square is the place to be. Stand near the central obelisk for the best view of both the Sistine Chapel chimney and the papal balcony.

When does the white smoke usually appear?

If a vote succeeds, white smoke generally appears in the early afternoon or early evening (around noon or 7pm). There’s no official schedule, so staying in the square during key voting hours increases your chances.

Is there a way to know when smoke might appear?

Watch for visual cues: bells being prepared, crowd movement, or media activity in the square. Vatican media outlets and on-the-ground Twitter accounts may give subtle hints, but nothing is confirmed until the smoke rises.

What should I bring if I plan to wait in the square?

Essentials include water, snacks, sun/rain protection, a portable phone charger, and comfortable footwear. Consider a foldable stool or cushion for long waits.

Is there a dress code for outdoor events like Habemus Papam?

While not as strict as entering churches, modest attire is still encouraged. Cover shoulders and knees if you plan to attend any services before or after the announcement.

Can non-Catholics witness the announcement?

Absolutely. The Habemus Papam moment is open to everyone. Many visitors come simply to observe history and share in the global atmosphere.